Exam Name:
VTUEEE 2012 (Vel Tech Dr.RR & Dr.SR Technical University Engineering Entrance Examination)
About Exam (VTUEEE 2012):
VTUEEE is an All India Common Engineering Entrance Examination conducted by Vel Tech Dr.RR & Dr. SR Technical University for admission to engineering programmes leading to four year B.Tech. Degrees to be awarded by the University. This will take care of varying admission standards in these programmes and help in maintenance of professional standards apart from AIEEE 2012 listings. It is enough if a candidate chooses either AIEEE 2012 or VTUEEE 2012 for admission purposes. However, appearance in VTUEEE is a must for consideration for Veltech Mahatma Gandhi National Merit Schlorships.
Date of Exam: 07th May 2012, (Monday) from 2pm to 5pm
SYLLABUS FOR VTUEEE 2012
MATHEMATICS
UNIT 1: SETS, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Sets and their representation; Union, intersection and complement of sets and their algebraic properties;
Power set; Relation, Types of relations, equivalence relations, functions;. one-one, into and onto
functions, composition of functions.
UNIT 2: COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATICEQUATIONS
Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals, Representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib and
their representation in a plane, Arganddiagram, algebra of complex numbers, modulus
and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number, square root of a complex number, triangle inequality,
Quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions. Relation between roots and
co-efficients, nature of roots, formation of quadratic equations with given roots.
UNIT 3: MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
Matrices, algebra of matrices, types of matrices, determinants and matrices of order two and three.
Properties of determinants, evaluation of determinants, area of triangles using determinants. Adjoint and
evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using determinants and elementary transformations, Test of
consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables using determinants
and matrices.
UNIT 4: PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS
Fundamental principle of counting, permutation as an arrangement and combination as selection,
Meaning of P (n,r) and C (n,r), simple applications.
UNIT 5: MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
Principle of Mathematical Induction and its simple applications.
UNIT 6: BINOMIAL THEOREM AND ITS SIMPLEAPPLICATIONS
Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general term and middle term, properties of Binomial
coefficients and simple applications.
UNIT 7: SEQUENCES AND SERIES
Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, insertion of arithmetic, geometric means between two given
numbers. Relation between A.M. and G.M. Sum up to n terms of special series: S n, S n2, Sn3.
Arithmetico–Geometric progression.
UNIT 8: LIMIT, CONTINUITY ANDDIFFERENTIABILITY
Real - valued functions, algebra of functions, polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic and
exponential functions, inverse functions. Graphs of simple functions. Limits, continuity
and differentiability. Differentiation of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions.
Differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit
functions; derivatives of order up to two. Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorems. Applications of
derivatives: Rate of change of quantities, monotonic -increasing and decreasing functions, Maxima and
minima of functions of one variable, tangents and normals.
UNIT 9: INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Integral as an anti-derivative. Fundamental integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and
logarithmic functions. 2
Integration by substitution, by parts and by partial fractions Integration using trigonometric identities.
Evaluation of simple integrals of the type Integral as limit of a sum. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
Properties of definite integrals. Evaluation of definite integrals, determining areas of the regions bounded
by simple curves in standard form.
UNIT 10: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Ordinary differential equations, their order and degree. Formation of differential equations. Solution of
differential equations by the method of separation of variables, solution of homogeneous and linear
differential equations of the type: dy+ p (x) y = q (x)dx.
UNIT 11: CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY
Cartesian system of rectangular co-ordinates in a plane, distance formula, section formula, locus and its
equation, translation of axes, slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the
coordinate axes. Straight lines Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between
two lines, conditions for concurrence of three lines, distance of a point from a line, equations of internal
and external bisectors of angles between two lines, coordinates of
centroid, orthocentre and circumcentre of a triangle, equation of family of lines passing through the point
of intersection of two lines. Circles, conic sections Standard form of equation of a circle, general form of
the equation of a circle, its radius and centre, equation of a circle when the end points of a diameter are
given, points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and condition for a line to be
tangent to a circle, equation of the tangent. Sections of cones, equations of conic sections (parabola,
ellipse and hyperbola) in standard forms, condition for y = mx + c to be a tangent and point (s) of
tangency.
UNIT 12: THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
Coordinates of a point in space, distance between two points, section formula, direction ratios and
direction cosines, angle between two intersecting lines. Skew lines, the shortest distance between them
and its equation. Equations of a line and a plane in different forms, intersection of a line and a plane.
coplanar lines.
UNIT 13: VECTOR ALGEBRA
Vectors and scalars, addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and threedimensional space, scalar and vector products, scalar and vector triple product.
UNIT 14: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Measures of Dispersion: Calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data. Calculation
of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data. Probability:
Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability, Baye’s theorem, probability
distribution of a random variate, Bernoulli trials and Binomial distribution.
UNIT 15: TRIGONOMETRY
Trigonometrical identities and equations. Trigonometrical functions. Inverse trigonometrical functions and
their properties. Heights and Distances.
UNIT 16: MATHEMATICAL REASONING
Statements, logical operations and, or, implies, implied by, if and only if. Understanding of tautology,
contradiction, converse and contrapositive.3
PHYSICS
The syllabus contains two Sections-A and B. Section-A pertains to the Theory Part having 80%
weightage, while Section - B contains Practical Component (Experimental Skills) having 20% weightage.
SECTION – A
UNIT 1: PHYSICS AND MEASUREMENT
Physics, technology and society, S I units, Fundamental and derived units. Least count, accuracy and
precision of measuring instruments, Errors in measurement, Significant figures. Dimensions of Physical
quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.
UNIT 2: KINEMATICS
Frame of reference. Motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed and velocity. Uniform and nonuniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time,
position time graphs, relations for uniformly accelerated motion. Scalars and Vectors, Vector addition and
Subtraction, Zero Vector, Scalar and Vector products, Unit Vector, Resolution of a Vector. Relative
Velocity, Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion.
UNIT 3: LAWS OF MOTION
Force and Inertia, Newton’s First Law of motion; Momentum, Newton’s Second Law of motion; Impulse;
Newton’s Third Law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications, Equilibrium
of concurrent forces. Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction. Dynamics of uniform
circular motion: Centripetal force and its applications.
UNIT 4: WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic and potential energies, workenergy theorem,
power. Potential energy of a spring, conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and
nonconservative forces; Elastic and inelastic
collisions in one and two dimensions.
UNIT 5: ROTATIONAL MOTION
Centre of mass of a two-particle system, Centre of mass of a rigid body; Basic concepts of rotational
motion; moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its
applications; moment of inertia, radius of gyration. Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical
objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications. Rigid body rotation, equations of
rotational motion.
UNIT 6: GRAVITATION
The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth.
Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential.
Escape velocity. Orbital velocity of a satellite. Geo-stationary satellites.
UNIT 7: PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship,
Hooke’s Law, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity. Pressure due to a fluid column;
Pascal’s law and its applications. Viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal velocity, streamline and turbulent flow,
Reynolds number. Bernoulli’s principle and its applications. Surface energy and surface tension, angle of
contact, application of surface tension - drops, bubbles and capillary rise. Heat, temperature, thermal
expansion; specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat. Heat transfer conduction,
convection and radiation, Newton’s law of cooling.
UNIT 8: THERMODYNAMICS
Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, concept of temperature. Heat, work and internal
energy. First law of thermodynamics. Second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible
processes. Carnot engine and its efficiency.4
UNIT 9: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas. Kinetic theory of gasesassumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature: rms speed of gas molecules;
Degrees of freedom, Law of equipartition of energy, applications to specific heat capacities of gases;
Mean free path, Avogadro’s number.
UNIT 10: OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES
Periodic motion - period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple
harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring -restoring force and force
constant; energy in S.H.M. - kinetic and potential energies; Simple pendulum - derivation of time period;
Free, forced and damped oscillations, resonance. Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves,
speed of a wave. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves,
reflection of waves, Standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, Beats,
Doppler effect in sound
UNIT 11: ELECTROSTATICS
Electric charges: Conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law-forces between two point charges, forces
between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution. Electric field:
Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines, Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole, Torque
on a dipole in a uniform electric field. Electric flux, Gauss’s law and its applications to find field due to
infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly
charged thin spherical shell. Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and
system of charges; Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges in
an electrostatic field. Conductors and insulators, Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitor,
combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and
without dielectric medium between the plates, Energy stored in a capacitor.
UNIT 12: CURRRENT ELECTRICITY
Electric current, Drift velocity, Ohm’s law, Electrical resistance, Resistances of different materials, V-I
characteristics of Ohmic and nonohmic conductors, Electrical energy and power, Electrical resistivity,
Colour code for resistors; Series and parallel combinations of resistors; Temperature dependence of
resistance. Electric Cell and its Internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of
cells in series and in parallel. Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications. Wheatstone bridge, Metre bridge.
Potentiometer - principle and its applications.
UNIT 13: MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM
Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop. Ampere’s law and its applications to
infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic
and electric fields. Cyclotron. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force
between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current
loop in uniform magnetic field; Moving coil galvanometer, its current sensitivity and conversion to
ammeter and voltmeter. Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Bar magnet
as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements. Para-, diaand ferro- magnetic substances. Magnetic susceptibility and permeability,Hysteresis, Electromagnets and
permanent magnets.
UNIT 14: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS
Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s law, induced emf and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self and
mutual inductance. Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/ voltage; reactance and
impedance; LCR series circuit, resonance; Quality factor, power in AC circuits, wattles current. AC
generator and transformer.5
UNIT 15: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics. Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, Xrays, gamma rays).
Applications of e.m. waves.
UNIT 16: OPTICS
Reflection and refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, mirror formula, Total internal reflection
and its applications, Deviation and Dispersion of light by a prism, Lens Formula, Magnification, Power of a
Lens, Combination of thin lenses in contact, Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and
refracting) and their magnifying powers. Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens’ principle, Laws of
reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle. Interference, Young’s double slit experiment and
expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a
single slit, width of central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes,
Polarisation, plane polarized light; Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarized light and Polaroids.
UNIT 17: DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION
Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect,Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric
equation; particle nature of light. Matter waves-wave nature of particle,de Broglie relation. DavissonGermer experiment.
UNIT 18: ATOMS AND NUCLEI
Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen
spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones. Radioactivityalpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law. Mass-energy relation,
mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion.
UNIT 19: ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Semiconductors; semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a rectifier;
I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator.
Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common
emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR). Transistor as a
switch.
UNIT 20: COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere; Sky and space wave propagation, Need for
modulation, Amplitude and Frequency Modulation, Bandwidth of signals, Bandwidth of Transmission
medium, Basic Elements of a Communication System (Block Diagram only)
SECTION –B
UNIT 21: EXPERIMENTAL SKILLS
Familiarity with the basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities:
1. Vernier callipers-its use to measure internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel.
2. Screw gauge-its use to determine thickness/diameter of thin sheet/wire.
3. Simple Pendulum-dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between square of amplitude and time.
4. Metre Scale - mass of a given object by principle of moments.
5. Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire.
6. Surface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents.
7. Co-efficient of Viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of a given spherical
body.
8. Plotting a cooling curve for the relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time.
9. Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube.
10. Specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of mixtures.
11. Resistivity of the material of a given wire using metre bridge.
12. Resistance of a given wire using Ohm’s law.6
13. Potentiometer –
(i) Comparison of emf of two primary cells.
(ii) Determination of internal resistance of a cell.
14. Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method.
15. Focal length of:
(i) Convex mirror
(ii) Concave mirror, and
(iii) Convex lens using parallax method.
16. Plot of angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism.
17. Refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
18. Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.
19. Characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse break down voltage.
20. Characteristic curves of a transistor and finding current gain and voltage gain.
21. Identification of Diode, LED, Transistor, IC, Resistor, Capacitor from mixed collection of such items.
22. Using multimeter to:
(i) Identify base of a transistor
(ii) Distinguish between npn and pnp type transistor
(iii) See the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and an LED.
(iv) Check the correctness or otherwise of a given electronic component (diode, transistor or IC).
CHEMISTRY
SECTION: A
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
UNIT 1: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY
Matter and its nature, Dalton’s atomic theory; Concept of atom, molecule, element and compound;
Physical quantities and their measurements in Chemistry, precision and accuracy, significant figures, S.I.
Units, dimensional analysis; Laws of chemical combination; Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept,
molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae; Chemical equations and
stoichiometry.
UNIT 2: STATES OF MATTER
Classification of matter into solid, liquid and gaseous states.
Gaseous State: Measurable properties of gases; Gas laws - Boyle’s law, Charle’s law, Graham’s law of
diffusion, Avogadro’s law, Dalton’s law of partial pressure; Concept of Absolute scale of temperature;
Ideal gas equation; Kinetic theory of gases (only postulates); Concept of average, root mean square and
most probable velocities; Real gases, deviation from Ideal behaviour, compressibility factor, Vander
waal’s equation, liquification of gases, critical constants.
Liquid State:
Properties of liquids - vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension and effect of temperature on them
(qualitative treatment only).
Solid State:
Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids
(elementary idea); Bragg’s Law and its applications; Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc and
hcp lattices), voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters, imperfection in solids; Electrical, magnetic
and dielectric properties.
UNIT 3: ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Discovery of sub-atomic particles (electron, proton and neutron); Thomson and Rutherford atomic models
and their limitations; Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Spectrum of hydrogen
atom, Bohr model of hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations for energy of the electron
and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr’s model; Dual nature of matter, de-Broglie’s
relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum
mechanical model of atom, its important features, various quantum numbers (principal, angular
momentum and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance; shapes of s, p and d - orbitals, 7
electron spin and spin quantum number; Rules for filling electrons in orbitals – aufbau principle, Pauli’s
exclusion principle and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and
completely filled orbitals.
UNIT 4: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCURE
Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, concept of ionic and covalent bonds. Ionic Bonding:
Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy.
Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan’s rule, dipole moment; Valence Shell Electron Pair
Repulsion(VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules. Quantum mechanical approach to covalent
bonding: Valence bond theory - Its important features, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d
orbitals; Resonance. Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals
(bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear
diatomic molecules, concept of bond order, bond length and
bond energy. Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and its applications.
UNIT 5: CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state
functions, types of processes. First law of thermodynamics - Concept of work, heat internal energy and
enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess’s law of constant heat summation; Enthalpies of bond
dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization and
solution.
Second law of thermodynamics; Spontaneity of processes; S of the universe and G of the system as
criteria for spontaneity, G (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant.
UNIT 6: SOLUTIONS
Different methods for expressing concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage
(by volume and mass both), vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult’s Law – Ideal and non-ideal
solutions, vapour pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions; Colligative properties of
dilute solutions - relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling
point and osmotic pressure; Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; Abnormal value
of molar mass, van’t Hoff factor and its significance.
UNIT 7: EQUILIBRIUM
Meaning of equilibrium, concept of dynamic equilibrium. Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid -
liquid, liquid - gas and solid – gas equilibria, Henry’s law, general characteristics of equilibrium involving
physical processes. Equilibria involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium
constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance, significance of G and G in chemical equilibria, factors
affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier’s principle. Ionic
equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases
(Arrhenius, Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid - base equilibria (including multistage
ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts
and pH of their solutions, solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions.
UNIT 8: REDOX REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning
oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions. Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in
electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivities and their variation with concentration:
Kohlrausch’s law and its applications. Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different
types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half - cell and cell
reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement; Nernst equation and its applications; Relationship
between cell potential and Gibbs’ energy change; Dry cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells; Corrosion
and its prevention.8
UNIT 9 : CHEMICAL KINETICS
Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure
and catalyst; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate
constant and its units, differential and integral forms of zero and first order reactions, their characteristics
and half - lives, effect of temperature on rate of reactions – Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its
calculation, collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation).
UNIT-10 : SURFACE CHEMISTRY
Adsorption- Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of
gases on solids - Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solutions. Catalysis -
Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis and its
mechanism. Colloidal state - distinction among true solutions, colloids and suspensions, classification of
colloids - lyophilic, lyophobic; multi molecular, macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles),
preparation and properties of colloids - Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis,
coagulation and flocculation; Emulsions and their characteristics.
SECTION – B
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
UNIT 11: CLASSIFICATON OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d and f block elements, periodic trends in
properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence,
oxidation states and chemical reactivity.
UNIT 12: GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF METALS
Modes of occurrence of elements in nature, minerals, ores; Steps involved in the extraction of metals -
concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic methods) and refining with
special reference to the extraction of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe; Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles
involved in the extraction of metals.
UNIT 13: HYDROGEN
Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; Physical
and chemical properties of water and heavy water; Structure, preparation, reactions and uses of
hydrogen peroxide; Classification of hydrides - ionic, covalent and interstitial; Hydrogen as a fuel.
UNIT 14: S-BLOCK ELEMENTS (ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS)
Group-1 and 2 Elements General introduction, electronic configuration and general trends in physical
and chemical properties of elements, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal
relationships. Preparation and properties of some important compounds - sodium carbonate, sodium
chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate; Industrial uses of lime, limestone, Plaster of
Paris and cement; Biological significance of Na, K, Mg and Ca.
UNIT 15: P-BLOCK ELEMENTS
Group - 13 to Group 18 Elements General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in
physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour
of the first element in each group.
Groupwise study of the p – block elements Group – 13 Preparation, properties and uses of boron and
aluminium; Structure, properties and uses of borax, boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminium
chloride and alums.
Group – 14
Tendency for catenation; Structure, properties and uses of allotropes and oxides of carbon, silicon
tetrachloride, silicates, zeolites and silicones.9
Group – 15
Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus; Allotrophic forms of phosphorus; Preparation,
properties, structure and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine and phosphorus halides, (Pcl3, Pcl5);
Structures of oxides and oxoacids of nitrogen and phosphorus.
Group – 16
Preparation, properties, structures and uses of dioxygen and ozone; Allotropic forms of sulphur;
Preparation, properties, structures and uses of sulphur dioxide, sulphuric acid (including its industrial
preparation); Structures of oxoacids of sulphur.
Group – 17
Preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid; Trends in the acidic nature of
hydrogen halides; Structures of Interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens.
Group –18
Occurrence and uses of noble gases; Structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon.
UNIT 16: d – and f – BLOCK ELEMENTS
Transition Elements General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics,
general trends in properties of the first row transition elements-physical properties, ionization enthalpy,
oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation,
interstitial compounds, alloy formation; Preparation, properties and uses of K2 Cr2 O7 and KMnO4.
Inner Transition Elements Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity
and lanthanoid contraction. Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states.
UNIT 17: CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS
Introduction to co-ordination compounds, Werner’s theory; ligands, co-ordination number, denticity,
chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds, isomerism; Bonding-Valence
bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; Importance of
coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems).
UNIT 18: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
Environmental pollution - Atmospheric, water and soil. Atmospheric pollution - Tropospheric and
Stratospheric Tropospheric pollutants – Gaseous pollutants: Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur,
hydrocarbons; their sources, harmful effects and prevention; Green house effect and Global warming;
Acid rain; Particulate pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful effects and
prevention. Stratospheric pollution- Formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of ozone layer - its
mechanism and effects. Water Pollution - Major pollutants such as, pathogens, organic wastes and
chemical pollutants; their harmful effects and prevention. Soil pollution - Major pollutants such as:
Pesticides (insecticides,. herbicides and fungicides), their harmful effects and prevention. Strategies to
control environmental pollution.
SECTION-C
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
UNIT 19: PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION
OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and 17 chromatography -
principles and their applications.
Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens.
Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens,
sulphur, phosphorus. Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae; Numerical problems in
organic quantitative analysis.10
UNIT 20: SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
Tetravalency of carbon; Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p); Classification of organic
compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur;
Homologous series; Isomerism -structural and stereoisomerism. Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)
Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations and carbanions; stability of
carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles. Electronic displacement in a covalent
bond - Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation. Common types of organic
reactions - Substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement.
UNIT 21: HYDROCARBONS
Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and
reactions. Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane); Mechanism of
halogenation of alkanes. Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism; Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition
of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoff’s and peroxide effect); Ozonolysis,
oxidation, and polymerization. Alkynes - Acidic character; Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and
hydrogen halides; Polymerization. Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure and
aromaticity; Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration, Friedel – Craft’s alkylation
and acylation, directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene.
UNIT 22: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HALOGENS
General methods of preparation, properties and reactions; Nature of C-X bond; Mechanisms of
substitution reactions. Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons and DDT.
UNIT 23: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN
General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses. ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS
Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration. Phenols:
Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, Reimer -
Tiemann reaction. Ethers: Structure. Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic
addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as –
Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH3 and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation;
reduction (Wolff Kishner and Clemmensen); aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Haloform reaction;
Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS Acidic strength and
factors affecting it.
UNIT 24: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN
General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses. Amines: Nomenclature, classification,
structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines and their basic
character. Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
UNIT 25: POLYMERS
General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization addition and
condensation, copolymerization; Natural and synthetic rubber and vulcanization; some important
polymers with emphasis on their monomers and uses - polythene, nylon, polyester and bakelite.
UNIT 26: BIOMOLECULES
General introduction and importance of biomolecules. CARBOHYDRATES - Classification: aldoses and
ketoses; monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides
(sucrose, lactose, maltose) and polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen). PROTEINS - Elementary
idea of - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides; Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary
structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes. VITAMINS - Classification and
functions. NUCLEIC ACIDS - Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA. Biological functions of nucleic
acids.11
UNIT 27: CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE
Chemicals in medicines - Analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility
drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines - their meaning and common examples. Chemicals in food -
Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents - common examples. Cleansing agents - Soaps and
detergents, cleansing action.
UNIT 28: PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY
• Detection of extra elements (N, S, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of the following functional
groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone), carboxyl and amino groups in
organic compounds.
• Chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: Inorganic compounds: Mohr’s salt, potash alum.
Organic compounds: Acetanilide, pnitroacetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.
• Chemistry involved in the titrimetric excercises - Acids bases and the use of indicators, oxalic acid vs
KMnO4, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4.
• Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis:
Cations - Pb2+ , Cu2+, AI3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+,
Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+.
Anions- CO3 2-, S2-
, SO4 2-, NO2-, NO3-
, CI -, Br, I. (Insoluble salts excluded).
• Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:
1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4
2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.
3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
4. Kinetic study of reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.
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